Risk management is the process of identifying, analysing, accepting, mitigating or transferring uncertainty in investment decisions. Fund managers apply risk management by analysing and attempting to quantify the potential loss of an investment and then acting accordingly.

Institutions are being transformed thanks to the integration of new technologies. This vision represents a corporate change with a social impact, reducing costs, simplifying processes and procedures, and raising awareness of the importance and benefits of this transformation.

In the pursuit of its paperless policy, the National Social Security Fund for the Non-Salaried Workers (Caisse nationale de la sécurité sociale des non-salariés – CASNOS) of Algeria re-engineered its electronic records management system using state-of-the-art technologies.

This new, modern, universal system has quickly become a cornerstone of digital transformation by interacting with all of the fund's legacy systems.

In order to sustain a sufficient and independent social security programme, the National Social Security Fund for the Non-Salaried Workers (Caisse nationale de sécurité sociale des non-salariés – CASNOS, hereafter the Fund) from Algeria has always been faced with the everlasting challenge of maintaining a positive balance, in the present and the future, between its expenses and its main income from contribution collection.

Article 12 of Law No. 5508 on the Promotion, Protection of Maternity and Support for Breastfeeding establishes that maternity allowance should be paid to employed women by the social security scheme of Paraguay’s Social Insurance Institute (Instituto de Previsión Social – IPS). This amount is equivalent to 100 per cent of her salary at the time of delivery, and is paid for the prescribed months of rest. This used to be given to women in a single payment.

With a view to increasing social security coverage among non-salaried workers and ensuring contributor loyalty, Algeria’s National Social Security Fund for Non-Salaried Workers (Caisse nationale de la sécurité sociale des non-salariés – CASNOS) launched a portal centred on a workflow of human interaction, digital processes and technology.

E-recourse (télérecours) is the electronic submission of requests by employers in the construction, public works and hydraulics (CPWH) sectors for relief from surcharges and penalties relating to the late declaration of contributions due or activities, or of the annual declaration of wages and employees (déclaration annuelle des salaires et des salariés – DAS).

The issue of population growth and social security planning is one of the biggest challenges facing governments today, and is a key part of a good social security system that instils confidence in its members.

The Retirement and Pension Fund for Employees of Banks and Related Institutions (Caja de Jubilaciones y Pensiones de Empleados de Bancos y Afines) (Bank Fund, hereinafter) is in constant communication with its members. It therefore continuously updates its databases, in order to have a better understanding of members’ current realities, experiences and needs.

Digital transformation is happening in institutions through the integration of new technologies. This vision represents an institutional and social change, optimizing available resources, reducing costs, shortening processes and procedures, and raising awareness of the importance and benefits of this transformation.

Good practice in health – service quality.

As health-care systems have evolved to become more complex and due to the resultant increase in patients coming to harm in health care settings, patient safety has emerged as a health-care discipline.

The Actuarial Advisory Office (Asesoría Actuarial) of the Social Insurance Institute (Instituto de Previsión Social – IPS) carried out an actuarial valuation of the Common Retirement and Pension Fund (Fondo Común de Jubilaciones y Pensiones). The valuation looks to comply with international best practices and observe the guidelines and standards of the International Standards of Actuarial Practice 2 (ISAP 2), and the ISSA-ILO Guidelines on Actuarial Work for Social Security, with technical support from the International Labour Organization (ILO).

In accordance with relevant requirements of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security of China, Shanghai will further streamline government administration and optimize the “do business” environment in the city. For this purpose, Shanghai Municipal Administration Centre for Social Insurance Affairs implements the “Guiding Opinion of the General Office of Shanghai Municipal People’s Government on Reengineering Service Processes in Order to Do “One Thing at One Time” for Enterprises and People Efficiently”.

Like most of the world’s countries, Paraguay has adopted lockdown measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19. These steps taken by the government have impacted the productive sector, leading to mass suspensions of employment contracts for persons insured with the Social Insurance Institute (Instituto de Previsión Social – IPS) of Paraguay.

The National Social Insurance Fund for Employees (Caisse nationale des assurances sociales des travailleurs salariés – CNAS), Algeria’s primary social security body, covers virtually all types of risk, namely social insurance (sickness, disability, maternity and death), occupational accidents and professional diseases. It also collects contributions and fulfils missions of a health and social nature.

As part of the government's action plan to improve public services, particularly social security services for populations:

Paraguay’s Social Insurance Institute (Instituto de Previsión de Social – IPS) used to make sick leave payments at its administrative offices, which had associated administrative costs and meant beneficiaries had to visit the IPS service counter in person.

Chinese President Xi Jinping has called for acting on “fully implementing the policy of returning unemployment insurance contributions for job retention” and “extending unemployment insurance coverage, better safeguarding basic life of the unemployed, and ensuring every eligible unemployed people could be covered and receive benefits”.

Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is located in the northwest of China, adjacent to Shaanxi Province, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Gansu Province. Established on25 October 1958, it is one of the five minority autonomous regions in China. It covers an area of 66,400 square kilometres and has a permanent population of 7.2 million.

The National Social Insurance Fund for Employees (Caisse nationale des assurances sociales des travailleurs salariés – CNAS), Algeria’s primary social security body, covers social insurance risks, occupational accidents and professional diseases, collects contributions and fulfils missions of a health and social nature.

By emphasizing its focus on pensioners, taking advantage of the digital transformation and adopting an e-service-based approach, Algeria’s National Retirement Fund (Caisse nationale des retraites – CNR) has greatly improved its provision of electronic services to insured persons in general and pensioners in particular.

In the framework of the strategy adopted by Algeria’s National Social Insurance Fund for Employees (Caisse nationale des assurances sociales des travailleurs salariés – CNAS) to improve the service offered to insured persons and their dependants, focusing particularly on those with special needs, on the one hand, and on streamlining procedures and modernizing the public service, on the other, the CNAS has drawn up a wide-ranging programme of measures aimed at this group.

This programme has been implemented in the field by:

Automating the working relationship between healthcare professionals involves eliminating the need for insured parties to visit the National Social Security Fund for Non-Salaried Workers (Caisse nationale de sécurité sociale des non-salariés – CASNOS) in person to obtain clearance from its medical board. By providing access to the following benefits, it also leads to improved relationships with our partners.

For insured parties:

Sichuan Province is located in western China and is the hometown of giant pandas. It is a large province in terms of resources, population and economy.

In order to reduce the personal burden of medical expenses and improve the Chinese patients’ sense of acquisition, happiness and security, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security (MoHRSS) organized in 2017 the negotiation of the National Medical Insurance Drug List (NMIDL).

This project consists in providing inspectors with tablet computers and web and mobile applications as part of a new policy on the collection of contributions and monitoring of insured persons. The system performs the following functions:

It enables insured persons to:

The one-stop service centre project is in line with the initiative of Algerian authorities to rethink basic public services from the citizen’s point of view. Instead of functioning in an isolated fashion, our services need to be grouped into units that make benefits accessible under optimal conditions, preferably via a common interface: the “one-stop service centre”.

The Algerian social security system is based on declarations. The 340,000 or so employers covered by the scheme are responsible for these declarations.

The complicated declaration process often places pressures on employers that are likely to lead to heavily penalized delays in declarations and payments. This situation can affect the establishment of insured persons’ rights to social benefits.

In connection with care provision for adults and children suffering from heart disease and chronic terminal kidney failure, the National Social Insurance Fund for Employees (Caisse nationale des assurances sociales des travailleurs salariés – CNAS) has, over a period of 20 years, developed the concept of contracting treatment with private clinics which thus reinforce the public hospital system.

The National Social Insurance Fund for Employees (Caisse nationale des assurances sociales des travailleurs salariés – CNAS) continues to make efforts to communicate with its users (insured persons, dependants, employers, health professionals, partners, the public) using all existing channels. One worthwhile strategy in this area is the communication of social information by the production of a radio programme.

Maintaining financial balance is a major concern for the National Social Insurance Fund for Employees (Caisse nationale des assurances sociales des travailleurs salariés – CNAS) which covers more than 25 million people in Algeria as insured persons and dependants and manages 350,000 contributing employers.

The Online Retirement Portal serves Algerian citizens in general, and retired persons and future retirees in particular. It offers the following retirement-related services:

• follow-up on pension requests;
• managing complaints;
• home help;
• retirement accounts (on-line consultation).
   

In December 2016, Zhejiang Provincial Government made the decision to push forward the reform of “running errands no more than once”, actively forging a province that offers “least examination and fast approval on matters, highest efficiency, optimal government environment and strongest sense of benefits for the masses and enterprises”.

Automating the working relationship between health-care professionals involves eliminating the need for insured persons to visit the offices of the National Social Security Fund for Non-Salaried Workers (Caisse nationale de sécurité sociale des non-salariés  ‒ CASNOS) to obtain approval by medical supervisors of prescribed medication, thereby improving relations with our partners by granting them access to the following services:

For insured persons:

Since 2016 the National Social Insurance Fund for Employees (Caisse nationale des assurances sociales des travailleurs salaries – CNAS) has conducted a national programme financed by its prevention fund. The aim of this information and awareness-raising programme for interns and apprentices on vocational training for the prevention of occupational accidents and diseases is to be proactive with future workers by providing them with knowledge and good practices in the field of occupational health and safety.

Medical check-ups must form part of the improved health care system with its mission of providing advice, analysis and monitoring.

Algeria’s National Fund for Paid Leave and Weather-Related Lay-Offs in the Construction, Public Works and Hydraulics Industries (Caisse nationale des congés payés et du chômage intempéries des secteurs du bâtiment, des travaux publics et de l’hydraulique – CACOBATPH), the only organization of its kind on the African continent and in the Arab world, offers workers in the construction, public works and hydraulics (CPWH) sectors, in addition to paid holidays, coverage for lay-offs owing to bad weather (snow, rain, ice, strong winds and so on) with a view to preserving the health and s

To address the problems of “running errands for reimbursement” and “full prepayment by the patients”, the Chinese Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security (MoHRSS) implemented in 2016 a two-year project to facilitate direct interprovincial online settlement of hospitalization expenses through a newly established nationwide network.

The nationwide extension of the use of the “CHIFA” electronic card for insured persons and its online updating is the most recent step in the modernization and improvement of the general conditions for the provision of service to insured persons and their dependants.

China, as the most populous country in the world, is facing the great pressure of demographic change and the sustainability of old-age insurance system.

In recent years, the Chinese government has taken various measures to promote the market-oriented investment and operation of the basic old-age insurance fund (hereinafter referred to as the fund). The investment scale has increased year by year, and its income has steadily increased, providing support for the sustainable development of the old-age insurance system.

The National Social Security Fund for Non-Salaried Workers (Caisse nationale de sécurité sociale des non-salariés – CASNOS) oversees the compulsory coverage of social insurance and retirement benefit risks of independent farm and non-farm workers operating in Algeria. It manages the collection of compulsory contributions.

The farming industry experienced difficult times in the 1990s, during which farmers were unable to pay their contributions, resulting in the loss of all benefits for themselves and their dependants. 

Mutualising resources of social security institutions is a logical consequence of a government programme aimed at simplifying procedures with a view to improving public service. The constant increase in users’ expectations has lent real impetus to the reform process. Reform at the same time has involved another major challenge: efficiency and maintaining the financial balance of the system.

Given the constraints and difficulties encountered by applicants of disability aids, the National Social Insurance Fund for Employees (Caisse nationale des assurances sociales des travailleurs salariés – CNAS) is concerned to facilitate and streamline procedures and to modernize its services, and as such developed an Integrated Equipment Management System (SIGAP) with the following objectives:

Aiming to resolve the problems in construction industry, such as high work-related injury risks, flexible employment and high mobility of construction workers, China has implemented the Same-Boat Programme, a specific social insurance extension programme for construction industry workers. The programme requires the construction industry to join the social insurance coverage in terms of each building project, exploring a new coverage pattern of dynamic real-name registration management.

In order to achieve the goal of “completely building a social security system that covers urban and rural residents”, the Chinese government has formulated and implemented a universal plan to see that everyone has access to social security.

By optimizing policies, enhancing the publicity, improving services, registering per person and per household, the coverage of insurance has been vigorously expanded. By the end of 2020, the full coverage of statutory social insurance personnel has been basically achieved, and the world’s largest social security system has been established.

China is progressively implementing a national social insurance coverage registration programme to speed up full social insurance coverage, and to put in place a more equitable and sustainable social security system.

The registration programme is a dedicated initiative to promote full and sustained coverage of working people and of urban and rural residents.

With the goal of building a social security system that covers the urban and rural residents in a comprehensive way, the Chinese government has implemented a universal social security enrolment programme that focuses on old-age insurance and medical insurance. By the end of 2017, the registration of all targeted groups across China had been basically completed through the measures of policy optimization, publicity, strict law enforcement, service improvement and registration at every doorstep.

As part of the extension of the third-party payment system, a new system was launched in 2012 and is gradually being introduced nationwide to enable a category of insured persons with medical and income-related conditions to benefit from the coverage of the cost of eyeglasses without advance payments. 

In addition to the major factors of removal of legal barriers to extension, incorporation of extension targets in national development plans, special coverage extension campaigns, contribution rate subsidies for vulnerable groups, and integrated collection of social insurance contributions, other valuable means to extend coverage are the introduction of flexible contributions for high risk sectors and linkage of work injury affiliation to the issue of business licenses and work safety permits, etc.

The response capabilities of the National Social Insurance Fund for Employees (Caisse nationale des assurances sociales des travailleurs salariés (CNAS)) in the area of prevention of occupational accidents and diseases is based mainly on a knowledge of the world of work and the risks likely to affect workers.

The plan aims to provide by 2011 more than 90 per cent of the population with universal access to basic health insurance in parallel with introducing an essential drugs system, improved primary health-care facilities, equitable access to basic public health services and pilot reform of state-run hospitals.

As part of its strategy to improve service quality and simplify declaration procedures, the National Fund for Paid Leave and Weather-related Layoffs in the Construction, Public Works and Hydraulics Industries (Caisse nationale des congés payés et du chômage intempéries des secteurs du bâtiment, des travaux publics et de l'hydraulique (CACOBATPH)) has implemented an electronic declaration system enabling users to make all their declarations online (via a portal):

China has the largest social insurance system in the world covering nearly 1.4 billion people and includes old-age, medical, work injury, maternity and unemployment insurance schemes. There are more than 8,000 social insurance agencies at and above the county level in China, with nearly 180,000 staff, undertaking 1.99 billion individual service transactions annually. Due to historical reasons, many branch-based operational agencies follow different management and service standards, and do not even have a unified name. This practice is inefficient and errors easily occur.

This rapid extension can be attributed to the 2009 government-subsidized new voluntary rural pension scheme, 2010 Social Insurance Law, 2011 voluntary pension scheme for non-employed urban residents modelled on the rural scheme, the newly adopted National Social Security Identity Card system and extension of the frontline network, integration of the collection of contributions for different social insurance programmes, ensuring the portability of benefits as well as providing an adequate delivery of quality services.

As an important component of the plan, social security has played a significant role in contributing to economic recovery by strengthening the country's consumption, promoting employment and maintaining social stability.

The results so far have been very promising. In the first half of 2009, the downturn in economic growth has been arrested; overall employment has remained stable and social security coverage has been further expanded.

With implementation of its smart card system (called the CHIFA card), Algerian Social Security is embarking on an in-depth modernization of the operations of its internal structures, particularly with regard to health professionals, for the benefit of its insured persons. This modernization programme has involved the intensive use of new communications and information technology.

Thanks to the new CHIFA card, the Algerian health insurance system now benefits from:

In 2010, the city had a Gross domestic product (GDP) of 87 billion Chinese Yuan (CNY), achieving a growth rate of 13.4 per cent. The GDP per capita stood at CNY32,900.

The city has a large number of vulnerable groups, mostly laid-off and unemployed workers as a result of the restructuring of state enterprises launched around the turn of the century. To maintain their coverage in social insurance schemes has been a priority for the government's work agenda.

China is one of the developing countries with the largest population in the world. It is one of the most pressing priorities for the Chinese social security to further expand its scope of coverage and allow more people to have access to social security. In recent years, the Chinese government has, through reform initiatives such as improving legislation, increasing budget allocations, enhancing enforcement inspection and upgrading management and service, extended proactively the scope of social insurance coverage and given an increasing number of people access to social security.