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Publications

International Social Security Review

Publications

International Social Security Review

First published in 1948, the International Social Security Review is the principal international quarterly publication in the field of social security.

  • 271 results found

Pension financialization and collective risk sharing in Canada and Finland

Authors:
Jyri Liukko
Aaron Doyle
Turo-Kimmo Lehtonen

Issue:
Volume 76 (2023), Issue 3

This article contributes to the debate concerning pension financialization and how countries are adapting their pension systems to respond to demographic ageing. We do so by examining the statutory pension systems of Canada and Finland, which diverge interestingly from current international trends. The Canadian and Finnish public pension schemes reflect two tendencies often associated with pension financialization: an increasing reliance on financial markets and an investment policy with a diversified asset allocation. However, unlike in many other countries, this has not resulted in heightened individual risks in old-age income security caused by a shift from defined benefit to defined contribution pensions – an otherwise common trend internationally.

Topics:
Old-age pensions
Investment
Financing
Keywords:
pension scheme
social security scheme
social security financing
social insurance
privatization
investment policy
Countries:
Canada
Finland

The expected impact of the 2019 Brazilian pension reform on survivors’ pensions

Authors:
Rodrigo Souza Silva
Luís Eduardo Afonso

Issue:
Volume 76 (2023), Issue 3

This study analyses the expected changes in survivors’ pensions resulting from the permanent rules of the 2019 pension reform in Brazil. Actuarial annuities are used for representative worker profiles. The dispersion in the replacement rate values decreases, except for the highest income level. The rates needed to finance survivors’ pensions decrease relatively more than do the rates for old-age pensions. The internal rates of return significantly decrease. There is a heterogeneous change in the distributive aspects of the pension system. The reform shall affect the adequacy and intragenerational equity of old-age and survivors’ pensions.

Topics:
Survivors
Actuarial
Keywords:
social security reform
pension scheme
survivors benefits
risk of survivors
retirement
Countries:
Brazil

The limits of parametric reforms in sustaining the Algerian retirement system in a context of population ageing

Authors:
Farid Flici

Issue:
Volume 76 (2023), Issue 3

Accelerated population ageing in Algeria threatens the financial sustainability of its pay-as-you-go retirement system. Reform is a necessity, with options ranging from simple parametric reforms to important systemic changes. Prior to undertaking systemic reforms, it is worthwhile to investigate whether parametric reforms can place the system on a financially sustainable footing. In this article, we used a multi-scenario analysis that crosses the possible reform actions with possible socioeconomic scenarios. The results show that when using the most favourable scenarios, the financial balance of the Algerian system will remain negative in the short and long term. Implementing major parametric reforms can only help reduce the deficit and make it stable over time. Thereafter, systemic reforms will have to be implemented.

Topics:
Old-age pensions
Actuarial
Financing
Keywords:
pension scheme
retirement
pay as you go system
actuarial
method of financing
demographic aspect
Countries:
Algeria

Improving the protection of migrant workers with work histories in the European Union and Ibero-America: Enhancing the coordination of international social security instruments

Authors:
Daniela Zavando Cerda
Laura Gómez Urquijo

Issue:
Volume 76 (2023), Issue 3

Migration affects almost every nation, emphasizing the need to guarantee social security rights for all migrants and their families. This article focuses on the rights of workers who migrate between the countries of the European Union (EU) and the Ibero-American Community. In the EU, social security systems are increasingly coordinated through Regulation No. 883/2004 and its Implementing Regulation No. 987/2009. In the Ibero-American Community, coordination is sought through the Ibero-American Social Security Convention. Despite convergence between these two international instruments, coordination is still lacking between them. This article presents a comparative analysis to articulate the necessary mechanisms to guarantee coordination, to respect the social security rights of migrant workers. We focus on the cooperation and coordination between regional as well as national systems, specifically looking at the need for and aims of a rapprochement between these two major international coordination instruments to provide greater Euro-Ibero-American cooperation. Finally, the importance of promoting greater international cooperation in social security policy and administration is highlighted, to engender the adequate protection of the rights as well as the free movement of migrant workers.

Topics:
Extension of coverage
Migration
Bilateral agreements
Keywords:
migrant worker
social security administration
ILO Convention
social security legislation
European Union
Latin America
Regions:
Europe
Americas

Digital social security accounts for platform workers: The case of Estonia’s entrepreneur account

Authors:
Johanna Vallistu

Issue:
Volume 76 (2023), Issue 3

Advancements in technology enable new opportunities for creating digital social security accounts, but the effectiveness of these to solve the accessibility and eligibility issues facing platform workers has not been assessed fully in the literature. The potential of digital social security accounts lies in their ability to consider the possible different streams of income of atypical workers and to improve the effective access of these workers to social security. Tax and social security offices can now exchange information on the income of platform workers in real time, which offers the promise of formalizing the previously informal casual work relationships of the self-employed. This article explores the case of the Estonian entrepreneur account as a digital hybrid solution for improving the effective access to social security of platform workers. Digital portable accounts create the conditions for the structural improvement required to respond adequately to meet the changing social security needs of atypical workers. However, this also requires that the policy design be thought through carefully, to avoid digital portable accounts being simply a digital facilitator of outdated solutions.

Topics:
Extension of coverage
Digital economy
Keywords:
social security planning
coverage
gaps in coverage
self-employed
atypical work
platform workers
labour market
Countries:
Estonia

The role of mutuals and community-based insurance in social health protection systems: International experience on delegated functions

Authors:
Marietou Niang
Emilie Gélinas
Oumar Mallé Samb
Lou Tessier
Mathilde Mailfert
Aurore Iradukunda
Olivier Louis dit Guérin
Valéry Ridde

Issue:
Volume 76 (2023), Issue 2

The institutional architecture for the provision of social health protection varies across countries, as do the actors and organizations involved. In some countries, mutual benefit societies and community-based health insurance organizations (CBHI) play a role in this area. In the 1990s, these were promoted particularly as a means of extending social security coverage, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. In the current context, the adoption of the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development, as well as renewed political will to realize universal coverage, has led to a questioning of the role of mutuals/CBHI. However, the literature on the roles they play in national social security systems remains limited. For this scoping review, 49 documents were analysed, covering 18 countries worldwide, focused on the delegation of functions to mutuals/CBHI in national social health protection systems. The results reveal the dynamics of the delegation of functions within social protection systems over time and their implementation processes. These provide areas for reflection that can inform policy processes.

Topics:
Health insurance
Mutual benefit societies
Keywords:
mutual benefit society
social protection
health
social security schemes
health insurance
Regions:
International

Work histories and workers’ failure to satisfy pension contribution requirements: A comparison of Mexico and Uruguay

Authors:
Ignacio Apella
Gonzalo Zunino

Issue:
Volume 76 (2023), Issue 2

Comparing Mexico and Uruguay, this article examines the work history of workers and the challenges they face to satisfy the minimum contribution period for eligibility to receive a contributory old-age pension. Administrative data on work histories is used to formulate a survival model aimed at estimating hazard rates of entering and transitioning out of a given contribution status. This model is then used to perform a Monte Carlo simulation to forecast contribution histories. Results suggest that the hazard rate is negatively associated with the length of a worker’s spell in his or her current status and warn that, both in Mexico and Uruguay, a significant group of workers will find it difficult to gain entitlement to a contributory pension in old age. The manner in which each of these national systems has addressed the challenges associated with low contribution densities may explain the two countries’ very different coverage results.

Topics:
Old-age pensions
Extension of coverage
Keywords:
pension scheme
old-age benefit
contributions
eligibility
coverage
Countries:
Mexico
Uruguay

Argentina’s Emergency Family Income (IFE): An opportunity for women’s empowerment

Authors:
Vanesa D’Elia
Julio Gaiada

Issue:
Volume 76 (2023), Issue 2

This article provides empirical evidence regarding the impact of the Emergency Family Income (Ingreso Familiar de Emergencia – IFE), which was implemented in Argentina in 2020. Investigated is the impact of the IFE on women’s role in providing household income and on the distribution of roles within households, as a reflection of women’s empowerment. Drawing on various household surveys, the study compared those women eligible to receive the transfer with those who were not. A difference-in-differences (DID) methodology was used to measure the impact. Following the implementation of the IFE, women’s share of couple income and household income is found to have increased by some 8 per cent and 11 per cent, respectively, while the probability of women being solely responsible for household chores has fallen by 4 per cent.

Topics:
Family benefits
Gender Inequalities
Keywords:
cash benefit
women’s empowerment
women
COVID-19
Countries:
Argentina

The potential impact of introducing a social security system in the Occupied Palestinian Territory: A computable general equilibrium approach

Authors:
Tareq Sadeq
Mohanad Ismael
Ali Jabarin
Lulit Mitik

Issue:
Volume 76 (2023), Issue 2

This article assesses the potential impact for the Occupied Palestinian Territory (West Bank and Gaza) of enforcing the enactment of the currently suspended Social Security Law (No. 19 of 2016). Using a computable general equilibrium model, we simulate different scenarios associated with the enactment of the social security system on key macroeconomic variables, such as GDP, private consumption, government spending, investment and employment, for the period 2020–2030. We evaluate the influence on the economy of introducing a social security system for private-sector workers, as set out in the 2016 law, and compare the simulation results of each scenario to the baseline. In each scenario, we consider different options concerning severance payment duration and different options for the investment strategy of social security contributions. However, for employees in Gaza, the article does not consider severance payments due to economic difficulties and the Israeli closure policy.

Topics:
Social policies & programmes
Keywords:
social security schemes
investment policy
severance pay
contributions
Countries:
Palestine, State of

The Work Profiler: Revision and maintenance of a profiling tool for the recently unemployed in the Netherlands

Authors:
Martijn A. Wijnhoven
Elise Dusseldorp
Maurice Guiaux
Harriët Havinga

Issue:
Volume 76 (2023), Issue 2

For the public employment services of many Member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the importance of using profiling tools for job seekers is increasing rapidly in importance. With this trend, there is also widening concern about the risks of an over reliance on such tools. Part of the concern lies with a lack of transparency concerning how such tools work. This article aims to address this by offering a detailed investigation of the Work Profiler – the instrument used in the Netherlands by the Institute for Employee Benefits (Uitvoeringsinstituut Werknemersverzekeringen – UWV) to predict re-employment success and provide a diagnosis of key factors hindering job seekers’ return to work. Professionals use these insights to deepen their understanding of the situation of job seekers and decide together with job seeker how to support their return to work. UWV decided to maintain and revise the Work Profiler through a large-scale study involving a sample of 53,238 people. Work Profiler 1.0 was developed in 2007–2010 and has been in use on a regional basis since 2011 and nationwide since 2015. This article explains how the new tool (version 2.0; implemented in 2018) works and, most importantly, demonstrates the choices made to ensure that it functions well and is used effectively by professionals. These latter two aspects are rarely discussed in the literature.

Topics:
Employment
Unemployment
Return to work
Information and communication technology
Keywords:
statistical method
job seeker
unemployment benefit
unemployed
Countries:
Netherlands

Social security coverage for couriers who work through digital platforms in Mexico: A role for a special scheme?

Authors:
Víctor G. Carreon-Rodríguez
Mauricio F. Coronado-García
Miguel A. Guajardo-Mendoza

Issue:
Volume 76 (2023), Issue 1

The socio-demographic characteristics of couriers who work through digital platforms in Mexico reveal that more than 85 per cent of these workers have completed full-time secondary education and 83 per cent of these workers are young (aged 14 to 44). However, only 25 per cent are covered for health services and social security benefits. Against this backdrop, and guided by international experience, we set out a proposal to provide these workers with a tailored package of social security benefits. The proposal would require to categorize couriers who work through digital platforms as “digital workers”, introduce a special scheme for these workers based on voluntary affiliation, and offer a specific portfolio of benefits.

Topics:
Health insurance
Extension of coverage
Digital economy
Keywords:
platform workers
gaps in coverage
social security legislation
social protection
social security schemes
Countries:
Mexico

Curbing the demographic “drifting dune” in long-term care insurance financing: The case of Germany

Authors:
Lewe Bahnsen
Florian Maximilian Wimmesberger

Issue:
Volume 76 (2023), Issue 1

Long-term care provision and financing are becoming increasingly important matters in all ageing economies. Therefore, a major challenge for policy makers is to strike a balance between adequate care and sustainable financing. In this study, we evaluate the proposal of a so-called sustainability factor in German long-term care insurance. Considering changes in the beneficiary-contributor ratio, it aims for a rule-based consideration of demographic dynamics to alleviate pressure on long-term care financing. Using the framework of generational accounting, we demonstrate that this proposal could have a relieving effect on finances, depending on the share of involvement of current and future generations. It may offer an option for pay-as-you-go long-term care insurance systems worldwide that need to curb the impact of ageing societies. Therefore, this article addresses policy makers tasked with designing a sustainable financing model for long-term care insurance. It demonstrates that the sustainability factor represents a step towards sustainable finances and, thus, it might be one component of a more comprehensive reform package.

Topics:
Demographic change
Long-term care
Keywords:
long term care
social insurance
social security financing
social security reform
demographic aspect
Countries:
Germany

Special pension schemes for workers in arduous and hazardous jobs: Functions and conditions to ensure equal treatment

Authors:
Sergio Mittlaender

Issue:
Volume 76 (2023), Issue 1

Most jurisdictions grant differentiated and more beneficial treatment – usually in the form of early retirement, and commonly under special pension schemes – to workers in arduous or hazardous jobs. Several justifications for such treatment have been advanced, including i) compensating the worker for the hardship, ii) protecting the worker from the hazard, and iii) realizing the principle of equality in the distribution of costs and benefits in the social security system. This article analyses these functions from a socioeconomic perspective and explains how early retirement for workers in arduous and hazardous jobs is necessary to ensure equality by treating “unequals unequally”, and in proportion to their inequality. Moreover, this article presents a precise formula to calculate when a worker should be allowed to retire, so that workers in occupational domains with a shorter life expectancy do not systematically enjoy lower expected benefits from the pension system while having contributed the same amount. Implications for the design and desirability of special pension benefits are discussed.

Topics:
Old-age pensions
Safety and health at work
Keywords:
pension scheme
eligibility
equal treatment
occupational safety
Regions:
International

The 2022 Greek pension reform: The rebirth of carve-out privatization in Eastern Europe

Authors:
Nikola Altiparmakov

Issue:
Volume 76 (2023), Issue 1

After a decade of unprecedented austerity, Greece abruptly changed the course of pension consolidation in 2022 and implemented the controversial carve-out pension funding approach, whereby a portion of existing pay-as-you-go (PAYG) contributions are diverted to fund individual pension savings, thus undermining the financing of existing PAYG pensions. Although inspired by the World Bank’s 1994 pension privatization blueprint, the Greek 2022 reform features a major policy shift by entrusting the management of individual pension savings to a dedicated government body, ostensibly to try to remedy inherent market failures in private pension provision. Similar to earlier reforms in Eastern Europe, the multi-decade transition costs of carve-out funding have been vastly underestimated in Greece, which will give rise to fiscal distress in the coming years when annual transition costs become sizeable and favourable international financing terms start to change. Unless firm political commitment is established to implement the measures necessary to finance the transition costs, Greece may have to resort to reform reversals similar to those already implemented across Eastern Europe.

Topics:
Old-age pensions
Financing
Keywords:
pension scheme
defined contribution plan
social security reform
social security financing
social security administration

Introduction: Making the case to formally revise the international social security standards to include long-term care for the elderly

Authors:
Roddy McKinnon

Issue:
Volume 75 (2022), Issue 3-4 (Special issue)

First published in April 1948 as the Bulletin of the International Social Security Association, this year marks the 75th anniversary of what, since January 1967, we have all come to know as the International Social Security Review. To mark this important anniversary, this special double issue, “The human right to long-term care for the elderly: Extending the role of social security programmes”, talks to current debates on social security coverage extension in a context of population ageing. There is a case to be made for revising the international social security standards to formally recognize long-term care for the elderly, possibly as a distinct branch of social security. At the heart of this discussion, the questions to be addressed by all countries are the roles that social security systems can and should play in helping to meet the long-term medical and social care needs of elders.

Topics:
Long-term care
Population ageing
Keywords:
long term care
population ageing
coverage
social security scheme
ILO Convention
Countries:
International

Long-term care in the context of population ageing: What role for social protection policies?

Authors:
Lou Tessier
Nathalie De Wulf
Yuta Momose

Issue:
Volume 75 (2022), Issue 3-4 (Special issue)

With the acceleration of population ageing, healthy ageing is becoming an imperative for all. Social protection systems have an important role to play in this endeavour. Through a life cycle approach, social protection systems can support i) the prevention of disability in old age (i.e. by addressing the social determinants of health and rehabilitation), ii) effective access to long-term care without hardship for those who need it, and iii) decent work in the care economy. To do so will require adopting a gender-transformative approach. Indeed, women are disproportionately represented among both older persons and long-term care providers in their diversity. Further, to adequately contribute to healthy ageing and effective access to long-term care without hardship as a rights-based entitlement, social protection systems will need to build strong coordination between health care, social care and other social policies. This article highlights the key entry points for social protection systems to contribute to the United Nations Decade of Healthy Ageing, building on the rights-based approach of human rights and international social security standards.

Topics:
Long-term care
Population ageing
Keywords:
long term care
social protection
population ageing
coverage
gender
Regions:
International

Long-term care in India: Capacity, need and future

Authors:
Arunika Agarwal
David E. Bloom

Issue:
Volume 75 (2022), Issue 3-4 (Special issue)

The family is the dominant player in India’s current long-term care (LTC) system. Yet informal family-based arrangements will be insufficient to accommodate India’s growing need for LTC due to increasing longevity and geographic mobility, the prevalence of chronic disease and disability among the elderly, and the decline of extended family living arrangements. Addressing the growing need for LTC will require a robust expansion of the current LTC system, especially its non-familial components. This overhaul will require investments in infrastructure, human resources and legal and regulatory environments. The objectives of this study are to i) provide a descriptive summary and analysis of the LTC system in India, with attention to cross-state heterogeneity and to the financial, social and cultural factors that impede the operation of India’s LTC system; ii) estimate and assess the current and future need for LTC and its critical financial and human inputs; and iii) critically analyse and discuss the institutions and policies, technologies and behaviours needed to bring capacity comfortably into conformance with the need for LTC.

Topics:
Medical care
Long-term care
Keywords:
elder care
medical care
social services
social protection
Countries:
India

Understanding the “state of play” of long-term care provision in low- and middle-income countries

Authors:
Elena Glinskaya
Zhanlian Feng
Guadalupe Suarez

Issue:
Volume 75 (2022), Issue 3-4 (Special issue)

In this article, we provide an overview of the current long-term care (LTC) landscape across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), based on an analysis and synthesis of literature review findings. We begin with a brief assessment of LTC needs on the demand side, followed by a supply side assessment of the available mix of formal LTC services vis-à-vis informal care provision. Next, we describe and discuss the role of government policies in LTC provision and governance. We conclude by discussing and offering practical LTC policy considerations for LMICs, drawing on experiences, best practices and lessons learned from high-income countries.

Topics:
Long-term care
Population ageing
Keywords:
long term care
population ageing
coverage
developing countries

The role of health and social care workers in long-term care for elders in Poland, Czechia, Hungary and Slovakia: The transition from institutional to community care

Authors:
Zofia Szweda-Lewandowska

Issue:
Volume 75 (2022), Issue 3-4 (Special issue)

Care for the elderly is one of the most important socioeconomic issues arising from the ageing of the population. Given the declining workforce in the care and health sectors, difficulties exist already in fully meeting care needs. Moreover, deinstitutionalization, which involves a transition from institutional to community-based care, requires an increase in human resources in the care and health sectors. The article addresses long-term care systems for the elderly and the conditions affecting the possibility for the Visegrád countries (Czechia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia) to transition from a post-socialist model (familialism by default/unsupported familialization) to a European care model based on deinstitutionalization. A further aim of the article is to show some differences in the provision of long-term care for the elderly that are observed in Central Europe, and to underline that their specific characteristics should be taken into account when planning and designing public policies and guidelines for social policy at the European Union level.

Topics:
Human resource management
Long-term care
Keywords:
care work
care worker
human resources planning
population ageing
Countries:
Czechia
Hungary
Poland
Slovakia

Providing long-term care: Options for a better workforce

Authors:
Ana Llena-Nozal
Eileen Rocard
Paola Sillitti

Issue:
Volume 75 (2022), Issue 3-4 (Special issue)

Older people and their care workers have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Many OECD Member countries have taken measures to contain the spread of the infection and improve the care workforce. Yet the health crisis is highlighting and exacerbating pre-existing structural problems in the long-term care (LTC) sector. In many OECD Member countries, recruiting enough workers in LTC remains a challenge and care workers experience difficult working conditions. Skills mismatch and poor integration with the rest of health care lie at the root of preventable hospital admissions even in normal times. Such challenges are likely to become ever more acute if no further action is taken given the speed of population ageing. Policies to improve recruitment and which also address retention through training, improvements in coordination and productivity, leveraging the effect of digital technologies, are needed.

Topics:
Long-term care

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Topic ( 22 )
    • Actuarial (22)
    • Contribution collection and compliance (4)
    • Demographic change (18)
      • Long-term care (11)
      • Population ageing (5)
    • Digital economy (7)
    • Disability (14)
    • Employment (43)
      • Employment of young workers (4)
      • Employment policies (9)
      • Unemployment (1)
    • Error, evasion and fraud (1)
    • Extension of coverage (42)
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      • Children (2)
      • Housing (1)
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      • Innovation capacity (3)
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Issue ( 50 )
    • Volume 76 (2023), Issue 3
    • Volume 76 (2023), Issue 2
    • Volume 76 (2023), Issue 1
    • Volume 75 (2022), Issue 3-4 (Special issue)
    • Volume 75 (2022), Issue 2
    • Volume 75 (2022), Issue 1
    • Volume 74 (2021), Issue 3-4 (Special issue)
    • Volume 74 (2021), Issue 2
    • Volume 74 (2021), Issue 1
    • Volume 73 (2020), Issue 4
    • Volume 73 (2020), Issue 3 (Special issue)
    • Volume 73 (2020), Issue 2
    • Volume 73 (2020), Issue 1
    • Volume 72 (2019), Issue 4
    • Volume 72 (2019), Issue 3
    • Volume 72 (2019), Issue 2
    • Volume 72 (2019), Issue 1
    • Volume 71 (2018), Issue 4
    • Volume 71 (2018), Issue 3
    • Volume 71 (2018), Issue 2
    • Volume 71 (2018), Issue 1
    • Volume 70 (2017), Issue 4
    • Volume 70 (2017), Issue 3
    • Volume 70 (2017), Issue 2
    • Volume 70 (2017), Issue 1
    • Volume 69 (2016), Issue 3-4
    • Volume 69 (2016), Issue 2
    • Volume 69 (2016), Issue 1
    • Volume 68 (2015), Issue 4
    • Volume 68 (2015), Issue 3
    • Volume 68 (2015), Issue 2
    • Volume 68 (2015), Issue 1
    • Volume 67 (2014), Issue 3-4
    • Volume 67 (2014), Issue 2
    • Volume 67 (2014), Issue 1
    • Volume 66 (2013), Issue 3-4
    • Volume 66 (2013), Issue 2
    • Volume 66 (2013), Issue 1
    • Volume 65 (2012), Issue 4
    • Volume 65 (2012), Issue 3
    • Volume 65 (2012), Issue 2
    • Volume 65 (2012), Issue 1
    • Volume 64 (2011), Issue 4
    • Volume 64 (2011), Issue 3
    • Volume 64 (2011), Issue 2
    • Volume 64 (2011), Issue 1
    • Volume 63 (2010), Issue 3-4
    • Volume 63 (2010), Issue 2
    • Volume 63 (2010), Issue 1
    • Volume 62 (2009), Issue 4
Author ( 465 )
    • Aaron Doyle
    • Aaron G. Grech
    • Aart-Jan Riekhoff
    • Achim Schmid
    • Adama Faye
    • Adem Y. Elveren
    • Adrian Sinfield
    • Ai Ju Shao
    • Ajay Mahal
    • Alain Euzéby
    • Alberto R. Musalem
    • Alena Auchynnikava
    • Alex Cheung
    • Ali Jabarin
    • Anahí Sosa
    • Ana Llena-Nozal
    • Ana Sojo
    • András Simonovits
    • Andres Võrk
    • Andrew Mason
    • Angela Greulich
    • Anita Strockmeijer
    • Anna Maria Badini Confalonieri
    • Anna McCord
    • Anna Metteri
    • Anne-Sylvie Dupont
    • Anne Drouin
    • Anne Marie Cullen
    • Annemiek van Vuren
    • Anne W. Kamau
    • Ariel Pino
    • Armando Barrientos
    • Armin von Schiller
    • Arnaldo Provasi Lanzara
    • Arunas Juska
    • Arunika Agarwal
    • Assia Billig
    • Audrius Bitinas
    • Aurore Iradukunda
    • Aviva Ron
    • Babacar Kane
    • Barbara Darimont
    • Barbara D’Ambrogi-Ola
    • Bart Jacobs
    • Bent Greve
    • Bernard H. Casey
    • Bjørn Hvinden
    • Bob Deacon
    • Borja Encinas
    • Borja Encinas Goenechea
    • Brendan O'Donovan
    • Brian Lee-Archer
    • Bruno Palier
    • Burt S. Barnow
    • Camila Arza
    • Carla Moreno
    • Carlos Grushka
    • Carlos Oscar Grushka
    • Carlos Vidal-Meliá
    • Carlos Vidal‐Meliá
    • Carmelo Mesa-Lago
    • Carmelo Mesa‐Lago
    • Catalina Devandas Aguilar
    • Catherine Jacqueson
    • Céline Wattecamps
    • Ce Shen
    • Chantal Euzéby
    • Chen Wang
    • Cherrie J. Zhu
    • Chris Clarke
    • Chris Nyland
    • Christina Behrendt
    • Christine André
    • Christopher J. O’Leary
    • Christopher Prinz
    • Christoph Metzger
    • Christoph Strupat
    • Clara Severinson
    • Colin Lindsay
    • Concha Salvador Cifre
    • Constantine Dimoulas
    • Costas Stavrakis
    • Cristina Lloret
    • Daniela Craveiro
    • Daniela Zavando Cerda
    • Daniel Castillo
    • Daniele Malerba
    • Daniel Gottlieb
    • Daniel Künzler
    • Daniel van Vuuren
    • Dariusz Stańko
    • Dashzeveg Chimeddagva
    • David E. Bloom
    • David M. Dror
    • Deborah Rice
    • Delia Pisoni
    • Denis Anne
    • Denis Latulippe
    • Dennis Tamesberger
    • Diego Valero
    • Dimitri Gugushvili
    • Doan Thi Thuy Duong
    • Dong-Myeon Shin
    • Dongmei Liu
    • Dorjsuren Bayarsaikhan
    • Dorte Caswell
    • Dragos Adascalitei
    • Eberhard Eichenhofer
    • Eduard Ponds
    • Eileen Rocard
    • Einar Øverbye
    • Eirin Pedersen
    • Ekkehard Ernst
    • Elaine Batty
    • Elaine Fultz
    • Elena Glinskaya
    • Elisa Fornalé
    • Elise Dusseldorp
    • Ellen Ehmke
    • Elliott Harris
    • Emile Cammeraat
    • Emilie Gélinas
    • Emily Delap
    • Emma Aguila
    • Emmanuelle Saint‐Pierre Guilbault
    • Enrique Devesa
    • Eric Breit
    • Evelyn Vezza
    • Fabio Bertranou
    • Fabio Veras Soares
    • Farid Flici
    • Felicia Roșioru
    • Fernando Lago
    • Flemming Larsen
    • Florence Bonnet
    • Florence Fontaine
    • Florencia Antía
    • Florian Maximilian Wimmesberger
    • Fofo Amétépé
    • Fran Bennett
    • Francesco Burchi
    • Francie Lund
    • Francisco Colín
    • Franziska Gassmann
    • Gabriele Koehler
    • Gaurav Gujral
    • Ghada Barsoum
    • Giulia Mascagni
    • Giuliano Bonoli
    • Gonzalo Zunino
    • Graziela Ansiliero
    • Guadalupe Suarez
    • Guillermo Durand
    • Guy Carrin
    • Guy Lodge
    • Gyu-Jin Hwang
    • Hannah Kuper
    • Hans Groth
    • Harriët Havinga
    • Heikki Hiilamo
    • Helen Karki Chettri
    • Hoang Van Minh
    • Hyoung‐Sun Jeong
    • Hyunsook Kim
    • Ianina Rossi
    • Ian Orton
    • Ibadat Dhillon
    • Ibrahima Senghor
    • Ida Seing
    • Ignacio Apella
    • Igor Guardiancich
    • Inke Mathauer
    • Inmaculada Domínguez
    • Inmaculada Domínguez Fabián
    • Irene N. Selwaness
    • Isabelle Daugareilh
    • Jaco Dagevos
    • Jacopo Bonan
    • Jacques Wels
    • Jairous Joseph Miti
    • Janne Salonen
    • Jaypee Sevilla
    • Jean-Victor Gruat
    • Jean‐Claude Ménard
    • Jessica Hagen‐Zanker
    • Jessica Johnson
    • Jim Campbell
    • Jinkook Lee
    • Jinxian Wang
    • Jiwei Qian
    • Jochen Clasen
    • Johan De Deken
    • Johanna Vallistu
    • Johannes Koettl
    • John A. Turner
    • John B. Williamson
    • John Beard
    • John Creighton Campbell
    • John M. Francis
    • John Seddon
    • John Woodall
    • Jones Kwame Adom Danquah
    • José Alves
    • José Enrique Devesa Carpio
    • José Ignacio Antón
    • Joses Kirigia
    • Juan José Alonso Fernández
    • Juan M. Pérez-Salamero González
    • Juan Yermo
    • Julie Zissimopoulos
    • Julimar Da Silva Bichara
    • Julio Gaiada
    • Jurgen De Wispelaere
    • Jyri Liukko
    • Jyrki Möttönen
    • Kadio Kadidiatou
    • Kafando Yamba
    • Kalle Hirvonen
    • Karin Astrid Siegmann
    • Karla Giacomin
    • Karl Blanche
    • Karolien Lenaerts
    • Katarina Hollertz
    • Katharine Vincent
    • Kati Kuitto
    • Katja Hujo
    • Kees Goudswaard
    • Keetie Roelen
    • Keetie Roelen
    • Kenichi Hirose
    • Kerstin Jacobsson
    • Khatuna Nutsubidze
    • Klaus Prettner
    • Knut Fossestøl
    • Koen Caminada
    • Konstantinos Kougias
    • Krzysztof Hagemejer
    • Lara Monticelli
    • Larry Rosenberg
    • Lasse Koskinen
    • Laura Addati
    • Laura Alfers
    • Laura Carballo Piñeiro
    • Laura Gómez Urquijo
    • Lena M. Banks
    • Lena Morgon Banks
    • Lewe Bahnsen
    • Lieske van der Torre
    • Liisa-Maria Palomäki
    • Lindsay Stirton
    • Litao Zhao
    • Lone Riisgaard
    • Louis D. Enoff
    • Lou Tessier
    • Luana Goveia
    • Luciana Tibi
    • Luis Alberto Rivas
    • Luís Eduardo Afonso
    • Lulit Mitik
    • Lundy Keo
    • Magdalena Sepúlveda Carmona
    • Magnus Piirits
    • Mahmood Messkoub
    • Maira Colacce
    • Manuel Ventura-Marco
    • Marcel Lever
    • Marcelo De Biase
    • Marco Geraci
    • Mar Devesa
    • Mar Devesa Carpio
    • María Amparo Cruz-Saco
    • María Luisa Pérez Guerrero
    • Mariana de Santis
    • Mariana Jansen-Ferreira
    • Maria Teresa Garcia
    • Maribel D. Ortiz
    • Marietou Niang
    • Marilyn Howard
    • Mario Gyöeri
    • Marion Guyot
    • Markus Loewe
    • Marta Regúlez‐Castillo
    • Martijn A. Wijnhoven
    • Martina Ulrichs
    • Martine Audibert
    • Martín Lavalleja
    • Mathew J. McKenna
    • Mathilde Mailfert
    • Matías Belliard
    • Matthew Walsham
    • Maurice Guiaux
    • Mauricio F. Coronado-García
    • Maxime Ladaique
    • Mehmet Cansoy
    • Mel Cousins
    • Menno Fenger
    • Mercedes Ayuso
    • Michael Cichon
    • Michael W. Kpessa
    • Miguel A. Guajardo-Mendoza
    • Miguel Rodríguez-Piñero Royo
    • Mikko J. Sillanpää
    • Mikko Perkiö
    • Milko Matijascic
    • Milva Geri
    • Mira Bierbaum
    • Mirian Gil
    • Mitchell A. Orenstein
    • Mitchell Wiener
    • Mohanad Ismael
    • Mouhamadou Faly Ba
    • Mridula Ghai
    • Mukul G. Asher
    • Nadia Minicuci
    • Nancy Varela
    • Naoki Ikegami
    • Narith Chan
    • Nathalie De Wulf
    • Nazim Habibov
    • Ndeye Bineta Mbow
    • Nebel Moscoso
    • Nicholas Eberstadt
    • Niels Ploug
    • Nikola Altiparmakov
    • Nina Torm
    • Nurulsyahirah Taha
    • Octavio Nicolás Bramajo
    • Olayinka Atilola
    • Ole Beier Sørensen
    • Ole Doetinchem
    • Oleksiy Sluchynsky
    • Ole Settergren
    • Olivier Louis dit Guérin
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    • Olli E. Kangas
    • Ouédraogo Aboubacar
    • Oumar Mallé Samb
    • Pablo de Pedraza
    • Paola Sillitti
    • Pascale Turquet
    • Patrick Diamond
    • Paul-Anthelme Adèle
    • Paula Albuquerque
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    • Paul van der Aa
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    • Peter Lloyd‐Sherlock
    • Philippe Batifoulier
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    • Quesia Nayrane Ferreira de Sousa
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    • Rebecca Holmes
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    • Rik van Berkel
    • Robert Brown
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    • Rose Musonye Kwena
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    • Ryu Niki
    • S. Bruce Thomson
    • Sabrine Magoga-Sabatier
    • Sacha Garben
    • Salla Atkins
    • Sambo Pheakdey
    • Samedy Yok
    • Sang‐Hyop Lee
    • Sarah Harper
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    • Saskia Montebovi
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    • Sergio Mittlaender
    • Shaffa Hameed
    • Shahra Razavi
    • Sharif A. Ismail
    • Shea McClanahan
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